Reconstructing past ocean-climate environments and heat transport requires proxies from which these conditions can be quantified. This is particularly important for the evaluation of numerical ...

In order to understand currents, tides and other ocean dynamics, scientists need to accurately capture sea surface height, or a snapshot of the ocean's surface, including peaks and valleys due to ...

Mapping the deep: Oceanographers use sonar and grid-based sampling to create 3D models of underwater landscapes, revealing ridges, trenches, and seamounts. Reading the past: Sediment cores from the ...