James Watt, a Scottish engineer, studied Newcomen’s steam engine and noticed how much steam (and fuel) it wasted. In 1765, he invented a separate condenser, which allowed the cylinder to stay hot while the steam condensed elsewhere — saving huge amounts of energy. In 1775, he partnered with Matthew Boulton, and together they built powerful, efficient steam engines that powered textile mills, factories, and machines. Watt’s improvement transformed the steam engine from a simple pump into a source