Malcolm X (1925–1965) Malcolm X was born Malcolm Little in Omaha, Nebraska. His father was a minister and supporter of Marcus Garvey’s Black nationalist movement. After his father’s death and his mother’s institutionalization, Malcolm experienced poverty and instability. As a young adult, he became involved in criminal activity and was sentenced to prison in 1946. While in prison, Malcolm educated himself extensively, studying history, philosophy, and religion. He joined the Nation of Islam and

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Toussaint Louverture (1743–1803) Toussaint Louverture was born into slavery in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (modern Haiti). He gained his freedom and became educated, developing leadership and military skills. He became the leader of the Haitian Revolution, the only successful slave revolt in world history. Louverture organized and led enslaved Africans in defeating French, Spanish, and British forces. His leadership led to the creation of Haiti, the first independent Black republic in 18